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Bhaskara II
He called his arithmetic book Lilavati; a legend says it was written for his daughter. It teaches through puzzles about bees, peacocks and pearls.
In his Bijaganita he solved x² − 61y² = 1, whose smallest answer has a 10-digit x, using the cyclic chakravala method.
Smallest solution: x = 1766319049, y = 226153980
No portrait of Bhaskara II survives, so we show the mathematics instead.