Isaac Newton

He worked out much of calculus in 1665–66, while Cambridge was closed by the plague.

Leibniz found it independently, and their supporters quarrelled for decades about who came first.

In 1874 she became the first woman in modern Europe to earn a doctorate in mathematics, and later a full professor in Stockholm.

She said she first met calculus on the wallpaper of her childhood room, which was papered with old lecture notes.